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Background: Acute appendicitis is a common acute abdominal condition that all surgeons confront. The early detection of patients who could go in for complication is critical so that appropriate treatment can be initiated to reduce mortality. There is no pre-operative investigation which accurately point out the patients who are going to develop severe disease. Hence this prospective study was done to identify whether preoperative bilirubin level can predict the severity of the disease.Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Sree Gokulam Medical College and Research Foundation, Venjaramoodu, Trivandrum on 100 consecutive patients who were clinically diagnosed as acute appendicitis. These patients were evaluated with Alvarado score. In addition, preoperative bilirubin level and liver enzymes were estimated. Ultrasound abdomen was done preoperatively routinely. After surgery histopathology was studied. The parameters which showed statistically significant results for predicting complications were analyzed.Results: In this prospective study on 100 consecutive patients, acute appendicitis was found more commonly in males, 57 (57%) cases than in females, 43 (43%) cases. Among the cases 56 were acute appendicitis, 13 perforated, 11 gangrenous and 20 suppurative appendicitis. In our study, there was significant correlation of preoperative hyperbilirubinemia with complications of appendicitis.Conclusions: Patients with appendicitis with elevated bilirubin levels have more chance for complications like perforation, gangrene and suppuration.
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), also known as testicular feminization, an X-linked recessive disorder comprises a wide range of phenotypes that are caused by various types of mutations in the androgen receptor gene. AIs can be classified as complete, partial, or mild based on the phenotypic presentation. The clinical findings include a female type of external genitalia, 46-XY karyotype, absence of Mullerian structures, presence of Wolffian structures to various degree, and normal to high testosterone and gonadotropin levels. We report this case as an interesting and rare syndrome. The patient is a 15-year-old phenotypic female who presented with primary amenorrhea and normal-appearing external genitalia. Orchidectomy was done after proper counselling and proper psychological support was given to her.
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Background: Anti-depressant drugs have great benefit in treating a many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, although all these drugs are associated with many potential adverse effects. In this study, the occurrence of adverse effects like weight gain, sleep disturbances, dry mouth were assessed and reported in drug naïve patients Anti-depressant drugs.Methods: It is a prospective observational study of patients attending Psychiatry department in NRI General Hospital of age 10 to 80 years who were prescribed with anti-depressant drugs. The study was conducted for a period of 8 months from June 2018 to February 2018.Results: Among 86 patients prescribed with antidepressants, the occurrence of adverse drug reactions due to antidepressants was 60.78% with Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors being the most common class of drugs implicated for adverse drug reactions followed by 24.49% with Tricyclic antidepressants. A total of 51 adverse drug reactions were noted of which weight gain was most common, closely followed by sleep disturbances and drowsiness. Out of 52 adverse drug reactions assessed for causality, 88.2% of the adverse drug reactions cases were probable, while 11.7% were possible. According to Hartwig and Siegel’s Scale 84.3% of the cases are found to be mild, 15.68% moderate.Conclusions: The study allows knowing information about the occurrence and pattern of adverse drug reactions associated with Anti-depressant drugs in the population thus reducing its incidence and protecting the user population from available harm.
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Vitamin-K is commonly indicated in pediatric patients with coagulation disorders, hepatic disease, warfarin toxicity, sepsis-induced disseminated reaction. Minor complications are very well known, but anaphylactic reactions are rarely reported in children. We present a case of a 13-year-old child who developed anaphylactic reaction following intravenous administration of Vitamin-K. He was managed with Inj. Adrenaline 0.35mg IM, Inj. Avil 22mg IV slowly over 20 mins, Nebulization with salbutamol 1mg. The reaction was most probably due to an anaphylactic reaction to Vitamin-K.
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Background: Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) today represents one of the world’s largest programmes for early childhood development. The Anganwadi workers and Anganwadi Helpers are the grass root level functionaries responsible for delivery of services.Methods: A field based cross sectional observational study was conducted in Mangalagiri rural ICDS project to assess the knowledge levels and the socio-demographic profile of the Anganwadi workers, all the Anganwadi workers who are working in Mangalagiri rural ICDS project area have been included in the study.Results: Out of 212 AWWs, majority of AWWs were from the age group of between 30-49 years; 123 (58%) AWWs have education qualification from 6th class to 10th class standard and 135 (63.7%) workers had an experience of more than 10 years. About 142 (67%) AWWs had a good knowledge assessment score. They had best knowledge about immunization (96.7%), referral services (93.4%), growth monitoring (82.5%), health check-ups (75.1%) and nutrition and health education (70%). AWWs complained problems like infrastructure related, excessive work overload and record maintenance.Conclusions: The majority of the AWWs are in the age group of 30 to 49 years. More than half of them belong to lower middle socio-economic class. Maximum number of workers has experience of 10 years or more. All the AWWs in our study had 50% and above knowledge about Anganwadi services. Best knowledge is seen regarding immunization followed by referral services. Least knowledge is seen regarding supplementary nutrition. Major problems reported were excess work and record maintenance.
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Background: Depression, a common mental disorder characterized by persistent unhappiness and lack of interest in daily activities, is one of the major important public health problems that are often comorbid with other chronic diseases like diabetes and can worsen the effect of the disease outcomes. Depression alone and/or as a comorbidity with diabetes is a common condition in the community. Aim of the study: To identify the prevalence of Depression among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients and relationship between Depression and its effect on Drug Compliance among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients, to determine the severity of Depression among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients and the extent to which it affects Drug compliance. Materials and methods: The study was to be conducted in Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital, Chidambaram in the year 2018-2019. A hundred patients with diagnosis of T2DM attending Diabetic OPD above 20 years of age were randomly selected. The Hamilton rating scale for depression by Hamilton is the most widely used rating scale to assess the symptoms of depression. The Ham-D is an observer-rated scale consisting of 17-21 items. Ratings are based on clinical interview. The items are rated on either a 0 to 4 spectrum or a 0 to 2 spectrum. The HAM-D also relies quite heavily on the clinical interviewing skills and the experience of rater in evaluating individuals with depressive illness. The strength of HAM-D is its excellent validation/research base, K.H. Mohamed Ibrahim, R. Gandhi Babu, M. Senthil Velan. Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (depression) and its effect on drug compliance among patients attending diabetic outpatient clinic. IAIM, 2019; 6(11): 19-28. Page 20 and case of administration. Its use is limited in individuals who have psychiatric disorders other than primary depression. Results: Analyzing with HAMD score, 40 had no depression, mild depression in 24 cases, moderate depression in 21 cases, severe depression in 15 cases. MAQ score scale- low adherence in 41 cases, medium adherence in 37 cases, high adherence in 22 cases. MMAQ score scale and HAMD scorelow adherence with no depression were 9 cases (22.5%) mild depression were 6 cases (25%) moderate were 11(52.4%) severe depression were 15 cases (100%). MMAQ score scale and HAMD score - medium adherence with no depression were 23 cases (57.5%) mild depression were 9 cases (37.5%) moderate were 5(23.8%) severe depression were not seen. MMAQ score scale and HAMD score - Medium adherence with no depression were 8 cases (20%) Mild depression were 9 cases (37.5%) Moderate were 5(23.8%) severe depression was not seen. Pearson Chi-Square = 35.344**, p<0.001. Conclusion: Further, there was a significant association between the depression in Type 2 diabetes patients and medication adherence, where patients with depression had poor medication adherence as compared to those without depression and severity of depression correlates with worse adherence to diabetic medications
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Background: Magnetic resonance signal intensity of focal liver lesions is affected by numerous pathologic factors. Lesion histologic features, such as cellularity, vascularity, stromal component, and intratumoral necrosis or hemorrhage, strongly affect T1 and T2 relaxation times. Aim and objectives: To assess the lesion characterization potential of MRI by evaluating unenhanced and dynamic gadolinium enhanced sequences, Histopathological correlation of the lesions to explain the major MRI findings and Assessment of the lesions by diffusion weighted imaging and investigating the role of b value in differentiating malignant and benign lesions Materials and methods: The study was done on 42 patients where contrast was given in 38 members. Focal liver lesions were analyzed based on clinical findings, laboratory investigations and MR imaging. Sonographically detected focal lesions were included in the study. Tissue diagnosis (FNAC/ Biopsy), surgery were done in feasible cases. In other cases, where surgery/ tissue diagnosis is not possible, follow up was done (range 3 months - 12 months, average 7.2 months). Results: MRI features of forty two patients with focal liver lesions were studied and morphological features and signal intensities of the masses were described. Contrast study was done in 39 cases. Of the 42 cases, 24 lesions were benign and 18 lesions were malignant. The mean age group ranged from 18 to 74 years with majority between 40 to 60 years. 61% of the lesions were located in right lobe of the liver. Contrast enhancement was done in 39 cases. Contrast enhancement was able to better delineate the cases. Specific pattern of contrast enhancement was typical of certain lesions as Karuna V, R Vikash Babu. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Focal Liver Lesions with Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) and Pathological Correlation. IAIM, 2019; 6(11): 81-93. Page 82 homogenous early arterial phase enhancement for hepatocellular carcinoma and ring enhancement in arterial phase for metastases. Delayed enhancement was specific for cholangiocarcinoma. Hemangiomas showed peripheral puddling and delayed central enhancement. Diffusion weighted imaging can be used as an additional tool in differentiating benign and malignant focal liver lesions. ADC value using a cut-off of 1.43 X 10 – 3 sec/ mm2 was a useful adjunct for determining benign cystic lesions and hemangiomas from malignant lesions. Conclusion: MRI was able to predict diagnosis in 38 of the 42 tumors. It could suggest the nature of all lesions in benign cysts, hemangiomas, focal nodular hyperplasia and metastases. But it was not possible to achieve a specific diagnosis in two early abscesses, one multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma and one case of regenerative nodules. This accounted for a detection rate of 90%. Thus MR imaging is a powerful tool for the evaluation of focal liver lesions. Pre contrast T1 weighted gradient echo images, T2 weighted images, in phase and out phase imaging, EPI – DWI and gadolinium enhanced T1 weighted images provide accurate characterization of the lesions.
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Background: Schizophrenia is one of the most devastating mental disorders that impair language, thinking, perception and sense of self. Recent estimates suggest that around 1% of the adult population that is around 21 million people is suffering from this disabling disease. In India, caregiving is mainly by family members because there are limited alternatives in institutional facilities and welfare supports for those with chronic illnesses such as mental disorders. Most Indian families prefer to care for ill persons at all stages of illness. But, the changing society places significant demands on the caregivers. Aim of the study: To study the prevalence of anxiety and depression among caregivers of schizophrenia patients. To find the association between anxiety and depression of caregivers with the duration of illness, severity of illness (schizophrenia) and the years of association with the patients. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among patients of schizophrenia and their K. Arun Kumar, R. Gandhi Babu, M. Asok Kumar. Prevalence of anxiety and depression among the primary caregivers of patients with schizophrenia who attended Psychiatry Outpatient Department at Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital, Chidambaram. IAIM, 2019; 6(11): 63-75. Page 64 caregivers attending Psychiatry Outpatient Department Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital, Annamalai University, A hundred patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and their primary caregivers had been consecutively selected from Psychiatry Outpatient department, Rajah Muthiah medical college, Annamalai university in the year 2018-2019. Then the Self innovated proforma was filled and details about the patients and their caregivers were obtained. HAM-D and HAM-A scales were administered for caregivers and scored for the level of psychiatry morbidity among them. BPRS scale was administered for patient and the severity of illness was assessed. The prevalence was then compared with different variables and associations if any was found. Results: In 100 peoples, Ham- A anxiety score level was analyzed. Severe anxiety was seen in 8 persons, mild to moderate anxiety was in 9 caretakers. Mild severity was observed in 83 patients. Pearson Chi-Square=27.936**, p<0.001. Depression score was absent and less significant among 61 caretakers, mild depression was observed in 24 peoples, moderate depression in 7 caretakers, severe depression was observed in only 8 cases. Paranoid type is more which was around 64%, hebephrenic was 11 %, residual -7%, simple -7%, undifferentiated -7%, catatonia-4%. BPRS score was < 31 in 74 patients, 31-42 were 12 cases, > 43 in 14 patients. More than 10-20 years in people who were taking care of ill patients had severe anxiety when compared to 1-3 years, up to 1 year, 3-10 years. Pearson Chi-Square = 9.784, P = 0.134 which was statistically significant. Severe depression was seen in the illness of 10-20 years in (8) cases. Up to 1 Year, 1-3 Years, 3-10 Years, 10-20 Years had less incidence of severe depression. Few peoples had less depression, mild, and moderate depression. Pearson Chi-Square = 15.405, P = 0.080 which was statistically less significant. Conclusion: Psychiatric disorders were prevalent amongst caregivers who are first- degree relatives of schizophrenic probands. BPRS Score of the patient gave the best diagnostic accuracy for screening psychiatric morbidity and increased the probability of finding a psychiatric disorder in caregivers. Therefore, routine screening of caregivers will aid early diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and enable timely psychological intervention.
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Measles virus is a rare but important cause for acute retinitis as it can eventually lead to the fulminant complication of SSPE. We report a case of a young Indian male with acute viral retinitis who subsequently developed SSPE. It is of paramount importance to consider measles virus and SSPE as a cause in an immunocompetent young adult with necrotizing viral retinitis
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Background: Cardiovascular disease/Coronary artery disease (CAD), leading cause of global morbidity and mortality covers any disease of the circulatory system. In -vivo antioxidant nutrients which include vitamin C, trace elements such as Se, Zn and Cu play a crucial role in defending against oxidant damage. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes occurring in the levels zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and Selenium (Se) in coronary artery tissues of patients with CAD. Material and methods: Coronary artery samples collected from these patients during bypass surgery from known CAD patients. These samples were analyzed for Se, Zn, and Cu; results are expressed in terms of wet weight. Normal Healthy serum Se, Zn, and Cu levels were also analyzed to compare with coronary artery samples. Results: The levels of Zn, Cu and Se in patient’s coronary artery samples were observed to be very low when compare to Zn, Cu and Se levels of healthy person’s serum samples. In addition, our study showed that the levels of Zn and Cu in coronary artery samples were low when they compared to heart tissue Zn and Cu levels from CVD patients from other studies. Whereas, Se levels in coronary artery samples in our study are same as heart tissues samples in previous other studies. Yet, there was limited/no observational studies were published to identify levels of trace element levels in coronary artery samples. Hence our present observations interpreted the levels of Zn, Cu and Se in coronary artery samples with 20 numbers of sample size only; further, higher number of samples needed to formulate the standard reference ranges of these trace elements in setting up a newer biochemical marker in correlation/interpretation of CVD/CAD. Conclusion: The finding of our results showed that Se levels in coronary artery observed to be same as heart tissue levels from other study. The myocardial clinical manifestation seems to be due to alteration of levels of these trace elements in serum, tissue levels in patients. In our studies, however, the patients with coronary heart disease had,in general, lower concentrations of Zinc,copper in serum than the healthy controls.
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A simple, precise, rapid, selective, and economic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in marketed formulations. Chromatographic separation was achieved isocratically for the combination was done with a C18 column [ ODS UG column. 250mm× 4.5 mm] utilizing mobile phase of composition Acetonitrile and Phosphate buffer (60:40v/v, pH 3) the flow rate was 1.5ml/min and the eluates was monitored at 220nm. Lopinavir and Ritonavir were eluted with retention times of 2.1min and 4.0min respectively. The method was found to be linear over a range of 20-100 μg/ml for Lopinavir and Ritonavir. The method was validated according to the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) and was successfully employed in the estimation of commercial formulations.
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Introduction: CD10 is a zinc-dependent peptidase (metalloproteinase). Stromal CD10 expression in breast cancer correlates with poor prognosis, oestrogen receptor negativity and higher grade. CD10 may be a potential target of new cancer therapies as it is involved in cleavage of doxorubicin. Aim: To evaluate the effect of neo-adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy on status of stromal CD10 antigens in breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Patients with invasive breast cancer scheduled for anthracycline-based neo-adjuvant chemotherapy were included in the study. Tumor stromal CD10 expression was estimated before and after 3 cycles of chemotherapy, and change in its status was correlated with clinical response to chemotherapy. Results: 16 out of the 29 patients had strong CD10 expression; in these 16 patients, 14 (87.5%) were hormone receptor negative, and 14 (87.5%) had HER-2/neu overexpression. Stromal CD10 expression remained same in 13 out of 29 cases (44.83%) after chemotherapy. There was a change in CD10 expression in the remaining 16 cases (55.17%); in 13 cases (44.83%) it decreased from its pre-chemotherapy status, while its expression increased in 3 cases (10.34%). In cases of complete and partial clinical response, there was no increase in CD10 expression. Where CD10 expression had increased after chemotherapy, there was either a minor response or no response to chemotherapy. In 13 cases where CD10 expression had decreased, 12 cases had a clinical response to chemotherapy. Conclusions: Strong CD10 expression correlates with hormone receptor negativity and HER-2/neu overexpression. Stromal CD10 expression in breast cancer is not static and changes with neo-adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy. A stable or decrease in CD10 expression correlates with complete or partial clinical response, while an increase in CD10 expression appears to correlate with poor clinical response. A larger series is required to determine the clinical significance of these changes. As stromal CD10 expression and its change with chemotherapy may have a prognostic significance, they should be documented in breast cancer patients before and after chemotherapy.
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Adult , Anthracyclines/administration & dosage , Biomarkers, Pharmacological/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Female , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Humans , Middle Aged , Neoadjuvant Therapy , Neoplasm Staging , Neprilysin/genetics , Neprilysin/metabolism , Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics , Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism , Receptors, Estrogen/genetics , Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism , Stromal Cells/drug effects , Stromal Cells/metabolism , Stromal Cells/pathologyABSTRACT
A new simple, rapid, precise reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) and ratio spectra first derivative spectroscopy (1DD) methods has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride (Levo) and Montelukast sodium (Mont) in bulk active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) as well as in tablet dosage form. In RP-HPLC method, separation was performed using phenomex-luna 5μ C8 (2) (100Å, 250 X 4.6 mm) column by using acetonitrile: 0.5% triethylamine in water (90:10 v/v) pH adjusted to 5.5 ± 0.1 with orthophosphoric acid. The flow rate was 0.8 ml/min with UV detection monitored at 231 nm. The retention time was 3.8 and 5.2 min for Levo and Mont respectively. In ratio spectra first derivative method, linearity range was found to be 2-32 μg/mL and 3-30 μg/mL for Levo and Mont respectively. From the first derivative (1DD) suitable wavelength was selected and amplitudes were measured at 240 nm and 281 nm for the assay of Levo and Mont by considering concentration of 18 μg/mL of Mont and 24 μg/mL of Levo as a suitable divisor, respectively. The validation of method was carried out according to ICH guidelines.
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The sorption abilities of leaves powders of Bhringraj , Aerva lanata, Trianthema portulacastrum L for extracting Chromium (VI) from polluted waters have been studied with respect to various physicochemical parameters such as pH, sorption dosage and equilibrium time. The conditions for maximum removal of Chromium (VI) have been optimized. Ten fold excess of common cation ions present in natural waters, viz., Ca2+, Mg2+ , Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Fe2+ have synergistic effect in increasing the % removal of Chromate. SO4 2—and Phosphates are found to be interfering with the extractability of Chromates but NO3 - , Chloride, Fluoride and Carbonate have marginal interference. However, the extraction has never come down below 72.0%. Maximum extractions to an extent of 96.0%, 92.0%, and 84.0% from synthetic waters are observed with the leaves powders of Bhringraj , Aerva lanata, Trianthema portulacastrum L respectively at pH:2 and at optimum equilibration time and sorbent concentrations. The methodologies developed are applied to diverse waste water samples collected from industrial effluents and polluted lakes. The procedures are found to be remarkably successful in removing the Chromiume(VI) from waste waters.
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To compare the outcomes of pediatric cataract surgery with intraocular lens [IOL] implantation in an eye camp setting and tertiary care center. Children aged 5-16 years with visually significant cataract underwent phacoaspiration with IOL implantation in an eye camp [eye camp group] or tertiary care center [TCC group]. All surgeries incorporated contemporary microsurgical techniques with implantation of polymethyl-methacrylate [PMMA] IOL. Major postoperative complications were managed at a tertiary care center. Postoperative complications, visual acuity and compliance were evaluated using the Chi-square test. A P value less then 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The cohort comprised 59 children in the eye camp group and 48 children in the TCC group. Thirty two of fifty nine [54.23%] eyes in the eye camp group and 30/48 [62.5%] eyes in the TCC group achieved 20/40 or better best corrected visual acuity [BCVA] postoperatively. Postoperatively, 36 [61%] eyes in the eye camp group and 22 [45.83%] eyes in the TCC group required Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy or a pars plana membranectomy. [P>0.05] The most striking feature was loss to follow up. In the eye camp group, loss to follow was 20% at one year, 49% at two years, 62% at 3 years and 67% at 4 years compared to 12.5, 21, 27 and 33% respectively in the TCC group [P<0.05, all cases]. The outcomes of camp and tertiary care center [hospital] based pediatric cataract surgery were similar. However, the major drawback of camp based surgery was loss to follow up which eventually affected the management of amblyopia and postoperative complications
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Background:The proportion of the patients attending the psychiatric consultation, once the disorder is recognized islimited. Lack of adequate knowledge regarding mental illnesses and help seeking attitude from other methodslike faith healers, priests are the common reasons for delay in psychiatric consultation. This delay has areasonable effect on the prognosis of the illness.Aim:To study the delay and reasons for the delay in first psychiatric consultation, and their relation to socio-demographic variables.Methods:A semi structured interview containing socio demographic variables and the reasons for delay is used toassess the patients attending psychiatric outpatient department of Mamata General Hospital. The diagnosiswas made according to ICD-10 diagnostic criteria.Results:Out of 100 patients assessed in the study, the most common reasons for delay in psychiatric consultation wereignorance about the illness, belief in magical and religious methods. Stigma towards psychiatric illnesses,financial problems, caregivers' education also influence the delay duration.Conclusion:This study emphasizes the need for awareness in the population regarding psychiatric disorders for a betteroutcome of the illness.
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We all know that only around 20 to 25% of psychiatric patients are getting proper modern treatment. This is mostlybecause of lack of awareness, stigma and their perception or misperception towards treatment as dangerous and waste.So in bringing awareness and for changing their perceptions, media has an important role to play.
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A comparative study of serum sialic acid concentration and traditional biochemical markers such as serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), and AST/ALT ratio, as well as prognostic markers such as serum total protein and serum albumin in alcohol abuse was done. A total of 70 male subjects aged between 20 and 60 years, with 40 cases diagnosed as alcoholics, and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Serum GGT, AST, ALT, total protein and serum albumin were estimated using auto analyzer Dade Behring clinical chemistry system. Serum sialic acid was estimated manually by modified Warren's colourimetric method. An increased concentration of serum sialic acid and other traditional biochemical markers GGT, AST, ALT was observed in cases compared to that of controls. Overall, GGT demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity. The other traditional markers used in alcohol abuse varied considerably in their specificities and sensitivities. The AST/ALT ratio was increased in cases compared to controls, but not high enough to confirm alcoholic liver disease. The albumin concentration in cases was decreased when compared to controls, while total protein concentration did not show any statistical significance in both the groups indicating that it has negligible effect. In this study, sialic acid proved to be a reliable test with sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 90%, with a diagnostic accuracy of 80%, showing that it can be used as a biochemical marker in alcohol abuse, where secondary effects of liver disease hamper the use of traditional markers.
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Cheiloscopy, the study of lip prints is an upcoming tool for the identification of persons. The lip print of every person is unique and can be used to fix personal identity. Previous work done on the subject also reveals that lip prints show differences according to the race and the ethnic origins of a person. This study was taken up to determine the predominant lip print type in Kerala population. 50 male and 50 female subjects of Kerala origin were included in the study and the middle 1 cm of the lower lip was taken as the study area. The lip prints were recorded by applying lipstick on the lips, then cellophane tape was applied on the lips and the prints were taken. These prints were studied and classified according to Tsuchihashi’s classification of Type I (complete vertical grooves), Type I‟ (incomplete vertical grooves), Type II (forking grooves), Type III (intersect-ing grooves), Type IV (reticular grooves) and Type V (undetermined grooves). The predominant type in each qua-drant was noted and the percentage was calculated. It was found that Type IV (reticular grooves) was the predomi-nant pattern.
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Cellophane , Ethnicity , Female , Humans , India , Lip/anatomy & histology , Male , Population GroupsABSTRACT
Role of 5-HT3 receptors in cholinergic hypofunctional models of cognitive impairment in the elevated plus maze model and a passive avoidance model is studied. Cognitive impairment was caused by scopolamine (1 mg/kg, ip) in mice and 5-HT3 ligands mCPBG (1 and 5 mg/kg, ip) and ondansetron (0.5 and 5 mg/kg, ip) were administered before the pre-learning phase to study the effects on acquisition, while post-learning administration was used to determine the effects on consolidation. Ondansetron improved acquisition and retention in cholinergic hypofunctional models while mCPBG potentiated selected impaired cognitive indices. The results indicate the role of 5-HT3 receptors in cognition and that an ideal evaluation of 5-HT3 ligands in cognition should distinguish true cognitive effects from locomotor, motivational and emotional effects.